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The Elf Who Gave Birth to an Orc Baby

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Humanoid monster in Tolkien's fiction

An orc (or ork) [1] is a fictional humanoid monster like a goblin. Orcs were brought into modern usage by the fantasy writings of J. R. R. Tolkien, especially The Lord of the Rings. In Tolkien's works, orcs are a brutish, aggressive, ugly and malevolent race of monsters, contrasting with the benevolent Elves and serving an evil power, though they share a human being sense of morality; there is a suggestion, amongst several somewhat contradictory origin stories, that they are a corrupted race of elves.[2]

Mythological monsters with names like to "orc" can be found in the Old English poem Beowulf, in Early Modern verse, and in Northern European folk tales and fairy tales. Tolkien stated that he took the proper noun from Beowulf.[T 1] The orc appears on lists of imaginary creatures in two of Charles Kingsley'southward mid-1860s novels.

Tolkien's concept of orcs has been adapted into the fantasy fiction of other authors, and into games of many dissimilar genres such as Dungeons & Dragons, Magic: The Gathering, and Warcraft.

Etymology [edit]

Old English language [edit]

The Latin discussion Orcus is glossed every bit "Orc, þyrs, oððe hel-deofol"[a] ("Goblin, spectre, or hell-devil") in the tenth century One-time English Cleopatra Glossaries, almost which Thomas Wright wrote, "Orcus was the name for Pluto, the god of the infernal regions, hence we can easily understand the explanation of hel-deofol. Orc, in Anglo-Saxon, like thyrs, means a spectre, or goblin."[three] [four] [b] The Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal defines ork in the closely related Erstwhile Dutch language as a verslindend monster ("devouring monster"),[five] and points at a possible origin in the Onetime Dutch nork "petulant, edgeways, evil person".[6]

The term is used just once in Beowulf equally the plural chemical compound orcneas, i of the tribes alongside the elves and ettins (giants) condemned by God:

þanon untydras ealle onwocon
eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas
swylce gigantas þa wið gode wunnon
lange þrage he him ðæs lean forgeald

—Beowulf, Fitt I, vv. 111–14[seven]

Thence all evil broods were born,
ogres and elves and evil spirits
—the giants as well, who long time fought with God,
for which he gave them their advantage

Beowulf 's eotenas ond ylfe ond orcneas, "ogres and elves and devil-corpses", inspiring Tolkien to create orcs and other races

Orcneas is translated "evil spirits" above, but its meaning is uncertain. Klaeber suggested it consisted of orc < L. orcus "the underworld" + neas "corpses", to which the translation "evil spirits" failed to do justice.[9] [c] It is generally supposed to incorporate an element -né, cognate to Gothic naus and Old Norse nár, both meaning 'corpse'.[x] The usual Old English word for corpse is líc, only -né appears in nebbed 'corpse bed',[11] and in dryhtné 'dead torso of a warrior', where dryht is a armed forces unit. If *orcné is to be glossed every bit orcus 'corpse', the meaning may be "corpse from Orcus (i.due east. the underworld)", or "devil-corpse", understood as some sort of walking dead monster.[nine]

Early Modern [edit]

A monster called Orcus is mentioned in Edmund Spenser's 1590 Faerie Queene.[12] The Oxford English Lexicon records an Early on Modern menstruum orke, pregnant "ogre", in Samuel Holland'south 1656 fairy tale Don Zara del Fogo, a pastiche of Castilian romances such as Don Quixote.[d] [13] It is presumed that 'orke'/'ogre' came into English via continental fairy-tales, specially from the 17th-century French writer Charles Perrault, who borrowed most of his stories and developed his "ogre" from the 16th-century Italian writers Giovanni Francesco Straparola (credited with introducing the literary form of the fairy tale) and Giambattista Basile, who wrote in the Naples dialect, stating that he was passing on oral folktales from his region. In the tales, Basile used huorco, huerco or uerco, the Neapolitan form of Italian orco, lit. "Ogre", to describe a large, hairy, tusked, mannish beast who could speak, lived in a night forest or garden and might capture and swallow humans.[e]

19th century [edit]

Information technology is possible that Tolkien was influenced by more than contempo sources. "Orc" appears as one of a list of imaginary creatures in Charles Kingsley'south 1863 The Water-Babies [fourteen] and his 1865 Hereward the Wake.[fifteen] Tolkien probably read the latter equally he uses rare terms similar "equus caballus-boy".[sixteen]

Tolkien [edit]

Stated etymology [edit]

Tolkien began the modern apply of the English term "orc" to denote a race of evil, humanoid creatures. His earliest Elvish dictionaries include the entry Ork (orq-) "monster", "ogre", "demon", together with orqindi and "ogresse". He sometimes used the plural form orqui in his early on texts.[f] He stated that the Elvish words for orc were derived from a root ruku, "fright, horror"; in Quenya, orco, plural orkor; in Sindarin orch, plurals yrch and Orchoth (as a class).[T 2] [T 1] They had similar names in other Center-earth languages: uruk in Black Speech (restricted to the larger soldier-orcs);[T one] in the language of the Drúedain gorgûn, "ork-folk"; in Khuzdul rukhs, plural rakhâs; and in the language of Rohan and in the Common Speech, orka.[T 2]

Tolkien stated in a letter to the novelist Naomi Mitchison that his Orcs had been influenced by George MacDonald's The Princess and the Goblin.[T i] He explained that his "orc" was "derived from Old English orc 'demon', simply simply because of its phonetic suitability",[T 1] and

I originally took the word from Quondam English orc (Beowulf 112 orc-neas and the gloss orc: þyrs ('ogre'), heldeofol ('hell-devil')).[chiliad] This is supposed not to exist connected with mod English orc, ork, a name applied to various body of water-beasts of the dolphin guild".[T iii]

Tolkien also observed a similarity with the Latin give-and-take orcus, noting that "the word used in translation of Q[uenya] urko, S[indarin] orch is Orc. Only that is considering of the similarity of the ancient English word orc, 'evil spirit or bogey', to the Elvish words. There is possibly no connectedness between them."[T 2]

Clarification [edit]

Orcs are of human shape, and of varying size;[T 4] in The Hobbit they are chosen "goblins", though Thorin's Elvish sword from Gondolin is named as "Orcrist, Goblin-cleaver, just the goblins chosen it just Biter".[T five] They are depicted as ugly and filthy, with a gustation for human flesh. They are fanged, bow-legged and long-armed.[T vi] Nigh are pocket-size and avoid daylight.[T 7] By the 3rd historic period, a new breed of Orc had emerged, the Uruk-hai, larger and more than powerful, and no longer afraid of daylight.[T 6] Orcs eat meat, including the flesh of Men, and may indulge in cannibalism: in The Two Towers, Grishnákh, an Orc from Mordor, claims that the Isengard Orcs consume orc-flesh. Whether that is true or spoken in malice is uncertain: an Orc flings Pippin stale bread and a "strip of raw stale mankind... the mankind of he dared non guess what creature".[T 6]

The orcs from Mordor speak the Blackness Speech communication, a linguistic communication invented for them by Sauron, while those from Isengard speak other tongues; to understand each other, they apply the Common Voice communication (Westron), such as Pippin overheard and understood.[T 6] [17]

In-fiction origins [edit]

Tolkien proposed several semi-contradictory theories for the origins of orcs. In The Tale of Tinúviel, Orcs originate as "foul broodlings of Melkor who fared abroad doing his evil work".[T 8] In The Silmarillion, Orcs are East Elves (Avari) enslaved, tortured, and bred by Morgoth (as Melkor became known);[T 9] they "multiplied" like Elves and Men. Tolkien stated in a 1962 letter to a Mrs. Munsby that Orc-females must take existed.[18] In The Fall of Gondolin Morgoth fabricated them of slime past sorcery, "bred from the heats and slimes of the world".[T x] Or, they were "beasts of humanized shape", maybe, Tolkien wrote, Elves mated with beasts, and later Men.[T xi] Or again, Tolkien noted, they could have been fallen Maiar, perhaps a kind called Boldog, like lesser Balrogs; or corrupted Men.[T 12]

Half-orcs announced in The Lord of the Rings, created by interbreeding of Orcs and Men;[T 12] they were able to get in sunlight.[T 7] The "sly Southerner" in The Fellowship of the Ring looks "more half like a goblin";[T 13] similar simply more orc-similar hybrids appear in The Two Towers "man-loftier, but with goblin-faces, sallow, leering, squint-eyed."[T 14]

Debated racism [edit]

Tolkien's moral geography of Middle-earth, good in the west, evil in the east, simple in the north, sophisticated in the south. The Shire is in the northwest (simple/good) quadrant, Gondor in the southwest, and Mordor in the southeast

The possibility of racism in Tolkien'due south descriptions of orcs has been debated. The scholars of English literature William N. Rogers II and Michael R. Underwood note that a widespread element of late 19th century Western culture was fearfulness of moral decline and degeneration; this led to eugenics.[20] In The Two Towers, the Ent Treebeard says:[T 15]

It is a mark of evil things that came in the Great Darkness that they cannot abide the Sunday; but Saruman'south Orcs can endure it, even if they hate it. I wonder what he has washed? Are they Men he has ruined, or has he blended the races of Orcs and Men? That would be a black evil![T 15]

John Magoun, writing in the J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia, states that Heart-earth has a "fully expressed moral geography".[nineteen] Any moral bias towards a north-western geography, however, was directly denied by Tolkien in a letter to Charlotte and Denis Plimmer, who had recently interviewed him in 1967:

Auden has asserted that for me 'the North is a sacred direction'. That is not true. The North-w of Europe, where I (and well-nigh of my ancestors) have lived, has my affection, as a man'due south dwelling house should. I love its atmosphere, and know more of its histories and languages than I do of other parts; simply it is not 'sacred', nor does it exhaust my affections. I practice take, for instance, a particular fondness for the Latin language, and among its descendants for Spanish. That is untrue for my story, a mere reading of the synopses should prove. The Northward was the seat of the fortresses of the Devil [ie. Morgoth].[T sixteen]

In a private letter, Tolkien describes orcs as:[T 17]

squat, wide, flat-nosed, sallow-skinned, with wide mouths and slant optics: in fact degraded and repulsive versions of the (to Europeans) to the lowest degree lovely Mongol-types."[T 17]

Poster showing fanged caricature of "Tokio kid," a Japanese person pointing a bloody knife at a sign that reads "Much waste of material make so-o-o-o happy! Thank you!"

Peter Jackson'due south flick versions of Tolkien's Orcs have been compared to wartime caricatures of the Japanese (here, an American propaganda poster).[21]

A variety of critics and commentators accept noted that orcs are somewhat like caricatures of non-Europeans. The journalist David Ibata writes that the orcs in Peter Jackson'due south Tolkien films look much similar "the worst depictions of the Japanese drawn by American and British illustrators during Earth War Two."[21] The literary critic Jenny Turner, writing in the London Review of Books, endorses Andrew O'Hehir's comment on Salon.com that orcs are "by blueprint and intention a northern European'south paranoid caricature of the races he has dimly heard about".[22] [23] O'Hehir describes orcs every bit "a subhuman race bred by Morgoth and/or Sauron (although non created by them) that is morally irredeemable and deserves only death. They are dark-skinned and slant-eyed, and although they possess reason, speech, social organization and, equally the Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey mentions, a sort of moral sensibility, they are inherently evil."[23] He notes Tolkien's own description of them (quoted higher up), saying it could scarcely be more revealing every bit a representation of the "Other", and states "it is besides the product of his background and era, like most of our inescapable prejudices. At the level of conscious intention, he was non a racist or an anti-Semite" and mentions Tolkien's letters to this outcome.[23] In a letter of the alphabet to his son, Christopher, who was serving in the RAF in the Second World War, Tolkien wrote of orcs as appearing on both sides of the conflict:

Yes, I think the orcs as real a creation as anything in 'realistic' fiction ... only in real life they are on both sides, of form. For 'romance' has grown out of 'allegory', and its wars are still derived from the 'inner state of war' of apologue in which good is on ane side and various modes of badness on the other. In real (exterior) life men are on both sides: which ways a motley alliance of orcs, beasts, demons, evidently naturally honest men, and angels.[T 18]

The scholar of English literature Robert Tally describes the orcs as a demonized enemy, despite (he writes) Tolkien's own objections to demonization of the enemy in the two World Wars.[24] The Germanic studies scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar however argues against the "recurring accusations" of racism, stating that "a polycultured, polylingual world is absolutely central" to Middle-world, and that readers and filmgoers will easily meet that.[25] The historian and Tolkien scholar Jared Lobdell likewise disagreed with any notions of racism inherent or latent in Tolkien's works, and wondered "if at that place were a way of writing epic fantasy well-nigh a battle against an evil spirit and his monstrous servants without its beingness bailiwick to speculation of racist intent".[26]

A shared morality [edit]

Shippey writes that the orcs in The Lord of the Rings were virtually certainly created just to equip Middle-earth with "a continual supply of enemies over whom one need feel no attrition",[27] or in Tolkien's words from The Monsters and the Critics "the infantry of the old war" ready to be slaughtered.[27] Shippey states that however, orcs share the human concept of skillful and evil, with a familiar sense of morality, though he notes that, similar many people, orcs are quite unable to utilize their morals to themselves. In his view, Tolkien, every bit a Catholic, took it as a given that "evil cannot make, only mock", so orcs could not accept an equal and opposite morality to that of men or elves.[2] Shippey notes that in The Two Towers, the orc Gorbag disapproves of the "regular elvish trick" of seeming to abandon a comrade, as he wrongly supposes Sam has washed with Frodo. Shippey describes the implied view of evil as Boethian, that evil is the absence of good; he notes however that Tolkien did not agree with that point of view, believing that evil had to be actively combatted, with war if necessary, the Manichean position.[28]

[edit]

Every bit a response to their blazon-casting as generic evil characters or antagonists, some novels portray events from the point of view of the orcs, or nowadays them as more sympathetic characters. Mary Gentle's 1992 novel Grunts! presents orcs every bit generic infantry, used as metaphorical cannon-fodder.[17] A series of books past Stan Nicholls, Orcs: Showtime Claret, focuses on the conflicts between orcs and humans from the orcs' point of view.[29] In Terry Pratchett's Discworld series, Orcs are shut to extinction; in his Unseen Academicals information technology is said that "When the Evil Emperor wanted fighters he got some of the Igors to plow goblins into orcs" to be used equally weapons in a Great State of war, "encouraged" by whips and beatings.[xxx]

In games [edit]

Orcs based on The Lord of the Rings have become a fixture of fantasy fiction and office-playing games. In the fantasy tabletop role-playing game Dungeons & Dragons, orcs were one of the earliest creatures introduced in the game, and were largely based upon those described past Tolkien.[31] The D&D orcs are a tribal race of hostile and unmerciful humanoids with muscular frames, large canine teeth and snouts rather than human-like noses.[32] The orc appears in the showtime edition Monster Manual (1977), where it is described as a fiercely competitive swell, a tribal creature oft living underground.[33] The mythology and attitudes of the orcs are described in particular in Dragon #62 (June 1982), in Roger E. Moore's article, "The Half-Orc Indicate of View",[34] and the orc is further detailed in Paizo Publishing'south 2008 book Classic Monsters Revisited.[35]

Games Workshop'southward Warhammer universe features cunning and fell Orcs in a fantasy setting, who are driven not and then much by a need to do evil as to obtain fulfilment through the act of war.[36] In the Warhammer 40,000, a series of science-fiction games, they are a green-skinned alien species, called 'Orks'.[37] Orcs are an important race in the Warcraft, a high fantasy franchise created past Blizzard Entertainment. Several Orc characters from the Warcraft universe are playable heroes in the crossover multiplayer game Heroes of the Storm.[38] In the Elderberry Scrolls series, many Orcs or Orsimer are skilled blacksmiths.[39] In Hasbro'south Heroscape products, Orcs come from the pre-celebrated planet Grut.[forty] They are blue-skinned, with prominent tusks or horns.[41] Several Orc champions ride prehistoric animals (including a Tyrannosaurus rex,[42] a Velociraptor [43] and sabre-tooth tigers, known every bit Swogs).[44] The Skylander Voodood from the first game in the series, Spyro's Run a risk, is an orc.[45] The 1993 Wizards of the Declension collectible card game Magic: The Gathering involves numerous orc cards.[46]

  • Savage orc

Other usage [edit]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainians frequently used the name "Orcs" to refer to the soldiers of the invading Russian army in various settings, including social media[47] [48] and anti-occupation street protests.[49] Tolkien had noted during the Second Earth War that "in real life [the orcs] are on both sides, of course".[T xviii]

Encounter as well [edit]

  • Haradrim – the dark-skinned "Southrons" who fought for Sauron alongside the Orcs
  • Troll (Eye-earth) – large humanoids of not bad forcefulness and poor intellect, also used by Sauron

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Here "orcus   [orc].. þrys ꝉ heldeofol" is the redaction given by Pheifer 1974, p. 37n but þrys appears to exist a mistranscription. The original text uses "ꝉ", the scribal abridgement for Latin vel meaning "or", which Wright has silently expanded as Anglo-Saxon oððe .
  2. ^ The Corpus Glossary (Corpus Christi College MS. 144, late 8th to early 9th century) has the 2 glosses: "Orcus, orc" and "Orcus, ðyrs, hel-diobul. Pheifer 1974, p. 37n
  3. ^ Klaeber here takes orcus to be the globe and not the god, every bit does Bosworth & Toller 1898, p. 764: "orc, es; 1000. The infernal regions (orcus)", though the latter seems to predicate on synthesizing the chemical compound "Orcþyrs" by altering the reading of the Cleopatra glossaries as given by Wright's Voc. 2. that he sources.
  4. ^ Straparola was translated into Spanish in 1583. Independent of this, there is in Espana to this twenty-four hour period the folktale of the "huerco" or "güercu", a harbinger of impending death; a shade in the form of the person about to die.
  5. ^ Come across especially Basile's tales Peruonto and Lo Cuento dell'Uerco.
  6. ^ Parma Eldalamberon volume XII: "Quenya Lexicon Quenya Lexicon": 'Ork' ('orq-') monster, ogre, demon. "orqindi" ogresse. [The original reading of the second entry was >'orqinan' ogresse.< Perhaps the intended meaning of the earlier form was 'region of ogres'; cf. 'kalimban', 'Hisinan'. 'The Poetic and Mythologic Words of Eldarissa' gives 'ork' 'ogre, giant' and 'orqin' 'ogress', which may be a feminine form. ...]"
  7. ^ In the Cleopatra Glossaries, Folio 69 verso; the entry is illustrated above.

References [edit]

Primary [edit]

This list identifies each detail's location in Tolkien'southward writings.
  1. ^ a b c d e f Carpenter 1981, #144 to Naomi Mitchison 25 Apr 1954
  2. ^ a b c Tolkien 1994, Appendix C "Elvish names for the Orcs", pp. 289–391
  3. ^ Tolkien, J. R. R. (2005). Hammond, Wayne Chiliad.; Scull, Christina (eds.). Nomenclature of The Lord of the Rings (PDF). The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-00-720907-i.
  4. ^ The Return of the King volume 6, ch. 1, "The Tower of Cirith Ungol"
  5. ^ The Hobbit ch. four, "Over Colina and Nether Hill"
  6. ^ a b c d Tolkien 1954, Book three, ch. iii "The Uruk-hai"
  7. ^ a b Tolkien 2009, p. 536
  8. ^ The Book of Lost Tales book ii, office one "The Tale of Tinúviel"
  9. ^ Tolkien 1977, p. xl
  10. ^ Tolkien 1984, p. 159
  11. ^ Tolkien 1993, "Myths transformed", text Eight
  12. ^ a b Tolkien 1993, "Myths transformed", text Ten
  13. ^ Tolkien 2009, pp. 180–181
  14. ^ Tolkien 2009, p. 566
  15. ^ a b The Two Towers, Lord of the Rings Book 3, Ch. four, "Treebeard"
  16. ^ Carpenter 1981, #294
  17. ^ a b Carpenter 1981, #210
  18. ^ a b Carpenter 1981, #71

Secondary [edit]

  1. ^ "Orc". Cambridge Dictionary . Retrieved 26 January 2020.
  2. ^ a b Shippey 2005, pp. 362, 438 (chapter 5, note 14).
  3. ^ Wright, Thomas (1873). A 2d book of vocabularies. privately printed. p. 63.
  4. ^ Pheifer, J. D. (1974). Former English language Glosses in the Épinal-Erfurt Glossary. Oxford Academy Press. pp. 37, 106. ISBN978-0-19-811164-one. (Repr. Sandpaper Books, 1998 ISBN 0-nineteen-811164-ix), Gloss #698: orcus   orc (Épinal); orci   orc (Erfurt).
  5. ^ "Ork". Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal (in Dutch). 2007. Retrieved thirty October 2017.
  6. ^ "Nork". Instituut voor de Nederlandse Taal (in Dutch). 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  7. ^ Klaeber 1950, p. 5.
  8. ^ Klaeber 1950, p. 25
  9. ^ a b Klaeber 1950, p. 183: Orcneas: "evil spirits" does not bring out all the significant. Orcneas is compounded of orc (from the Lat. orcus "the underworld" or Hades) and neas "corpses". Necromancy was practised among the ancient Germans!
  10. ^ Salu, Mary; Farrell, Robert T., eds. (1979). J. R. R. Tolkien, scholar and storyteller: Essays in Memoriam . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Printing. p. 291. ISBN978-0-80141-038-3.
  11. ^ Brehaut, Patricia Kathleen (1961). Moot passages in Beowulf (Thesis). Stanford University. p. 8.
  12. ^ Spenser, Edmund (1590). Faerie Queene. Book Two, Canto XII, line xlvii.
  13. ^ "Orc" Oxford English language Dictionary
  14. ^ "The Water Babies, Illustrated Online Children'south Volume by Charles Kingsley". The Children'due south Nursery and its Traditions . Retrieved 13 October 2021. she made him believe in worse things than water-babies—in unicorns, fire-drakes, manticoras, basilisks, amphisbaenas, griffins, phoenixes, rocs, orcs, dog-headed men, 3-headed dogs, three-bodied geryons, and other pleasant creatures, which folks recollect never existed notwithstanding
  15. ^ Kennett, John (1970). Hereward the Wake. Glasgow, London: Blackie. ISBN978-0-216-89101-2. OCLC 30284496. things unspeakable,—dragons, giants, rocs, orcs, witch-whales, griffins, chimeras
  16. ^ Gilliver, Peter; Marshall, Jeremy; Weiner, Edmund (2009). The Band of Words: Tolkien and the Oxford English language Lexicon. Oxford Academy Press. p. 67. ISBN978-0-19956-836-nine.
  17. ^ a b Canavan, A. P. (2012). ""Let'due south hunt some orc!": Reevaluating the Monstrosity of Orcs". New York Review of Science Fiction. Retrieved 7 March 2020. A version of this essay was presented at the International Conference on the Fantastic in 2012.
  18. ^ "The Scientific discipline of Center-earth: Sex activity and the Single Orc". TheOneRing.net . Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  19. ^ a b Magoun, John F. G. (2006). "South, The". In Drout, Michael D. C. (ed.). The J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia: Scholarship and Critical Cess. Routledge. pp. 622–623. ISBN1-135-88034-four.
  20. ^ Rogers, William N., Ii; Underwood, Michael R. (2000). Sir George Clark (ed.). Gagool and Gollum: Exemplars of Degeneration in King Solomon'south Mines and The Hobbit . J.R.R. Tolkien and His Literary Resonances: Views of Middle-world. Greenwood Publishing Grouping. pp. 121–132. ISBN978-0-313-30845-1.
  21. ^ a b Ibata, David (12 January 2003). "'Lord' of racism? Critics view trilogy as discriminatory". The Chicago Tribune.
  22. ^ Turner, Jenny (15 November 2001). "Reasons for Liking Tolkien". London Review of Books. 23 (22).
  23. ^ a b c O'Hehir, Andrew (half dozen June 2001). "A curiously very great book". Salon.com . Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  24. ^ Tally, Robert (2019). "Demonizing the Enemy, Literally: Tolkien, Orcs, and the Sense of the World Wars". Humanities. 8 (1): 54. doi:ten.3390/h8010054. ISSN 2076-0787.
  25. ^ Straubhaar, Sandra Ballif (2004). Take a chance, Jane (ed.). Myth, Late Roman History, and Multiculturalism in Tolkien'south Middle-Earth. Tolkien and the invention of myth : a reader. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 101–117. ISBN978-0-8131-2301-1.
  26. ^ Lobdell, Jared (2004). The World of the Rings. Open up Court. p. 116. ISBN978-0875483030.
  27. ^ a b Shippey 2005, p. 265.
  28. ^ Shippey 2001, pp. 131–133.
  29. ^ "Stan Nicholls". Fantasticfiction.co.britain . Retrieved 21 February 2009.
  30. ^ Pratchett, Terry (2009). Unseen Academicals. Doubleday. p. 389. ISBN978-0385609340.
  31. ^ "'Orc' (from Orcus) is another term for an ogre or ogre-like creature. Existence useful fodder for the ranks of bad guys, monsters similar to Tolkien's orcs are also in both games." Gygax, Gary (March 1985). "On the influence of J.R.R. Tolkien on the D&D and AD&D games". The Dragon. No. 95. pp. 12–thirteen.
  32. ^ Mohr, Joseph (seven December 2019). "Orcs in Dungeons and Dragons". Old Schoolhouse Function Playing . Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  33. ^ Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual (TSR, 1977)
  34. ^ Moore, Roger E. "The One-half-Orc Point of View." Dragon #62 (TSR, June 1982).
  35. ^ Baur, Wolfgang, Jason Bulmahn, Joshua J. Frost, James Jacobs, Nicolas Logue, Mike McArtor, James L. Sutter, Greg A. Vaughan, Jeremy Walker. Classic Monsters Revisited (Paizo, 2008) pages 52–57.
  36. ^ Priestley, Rick; Thornton, Jake (2000). Warhammer Fantasy Battles Army Book: Orcs & Goblins (6th ed.). Games Workshop: Nottingham. pp. 10–11.
  37. ^ Sanders, Rob. "Xenos: Seven Alien Species With A Shot At Conquering the 40k Galaxy". Rob Sanders Speculative Fiction . Retrieved 1 Feb 2020.
  38. ^ "Another orc enters the Heroes of the Storm battlefield". Destructoid. vi October 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  39. ^ Stewart, Charlie (xiv September 2020). "Why the Orcs Could Have a Huge Role in The Elder Scrolls half dozen". GameRant . Retrieved 13 April 2021.
  40. ^ "Blade Gruts". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on xiv June 2011. Retrieved xxx October 2017.
  41. ^ "Heavy Gruts". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 30 Oct 2017.
  42. ^ "Grimnak". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on xiv June 2011. Retrieved 30 Oct 2017.
  43. ^ "Tornak". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2017.
  44. ^ "Swog Rider". Hasbro.com. Archived from the original on xiv June 2011. Retrieved xxx October 2017.
  45. ^ "Voodood". IGN. 3 November 2012. Retrieved 12 Apr 2021.
  46. ^ Vessenes, Ted (8 February 2002). "Lessons of the Past". The One Ring . Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  47. ^ "Ukraine Army destroys Russian control post well-nigh Chornobyl NPP". Ukrinform. ii March 2022. Retrieved eleven March 2022.
  48. ^ ""This is not war, this is extermination," says Ukrainian whose village was invaded by Russian troops". CNN. 9 March 2022. Retrieved xi March 2022.
  49. ^ ""Out with the Orcs": Melitopol protests against Russian federation's invasion, gunfire heard". Ukrayinska Pravda. 2 March 2022. Retrieved xi March 2022.

Sources [edit]

  • Bosworth, Joseph; Toller, T. Northcote (1898). An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary. Vol. i A-Fir. The Clarendon Printing. p. 764.
  • Carpenter, Humphrey, ed. (1981), The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-31555-ii
  • Klaeber, Friedrich (1950). Beowulf and the Finnesburg Fragment. Translated by John R. Clark Hall (iii ed.). Allen & Unwin.
  • Shippey, Tom (2001). J. R. R. Tolkien: Author of the Century. HarperCollins. ISBN978-0261-10401-iii.
  • Shippey, Tom (2005) [1982]. The Road to Middle-World (Third ed.). Grafton (HarperCollins). ISBN978-0261102750.
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1977), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The Silmarillion, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN978-0-395-25730-2
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1984). Christopher Tolkien (ed.). The Volume of Lost Tales. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-395-36614-3.
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1994), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), The War of the Jewels, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN0-395-71041-3
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1993), Christopher Tolkien (ed.), Morgoth's Ring, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN0-395-68092-1
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (2009). The Lord of the Rings (Kindle ed.). HarperCollins.
  • Tolkien, J. R. R. (1954), The Two Towers, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, OCLC 1042159111

External links [edit]

  • 9 milestones in orcs history. Wired mag commodity
  • RPG.Internet Article almost Orcs
  • Orc Roleplaying Customs website

kennedytoret1964.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orc

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